\u5728Python\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u6307\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u638c\u63e1Python\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u6307\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u975e\u9884\u671f\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u5e38\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u548c\u9519\u8bef\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u533a\u522b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u9519\u8bef<\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u5e38\u6307\u8bed\u6cd5\u9519\u8bef\u6216\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u9519\u8bef\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65e0\u6cd5\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c<\/p>\n \u5f02\u5e38<\/strong>\uff1a\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u975e\u9884\u671f\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u548c\u5904\u7406<\/p>\n Python\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u7c7b\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u7ec4\u7ec7\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u90fd\u7ee7\u627f\u81ea Python\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u5185\u7f6e\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u5f02\u5e38\uff1a<\/p>\n Python\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236\u5141\u8bb8\u6211\u4eec\u6355\u83b7\u548c\u5904\u7406\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u52a0\u5065\u58ee\u548c\u53ef\u9760\u3002<\/p>\n Python\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4f7f\u7528 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6267\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n \u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 \u5728 \u5f53\u5f02\u5e38\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5f15\u53d1\u4f46\u672a\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\u65f6\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u4f1a\u5411\u4e0a\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u8c03\u7528\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5f02\u5e38\u4e00\u76f4\u4f20\u64ad\u5230\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u9876\u5c42\u800c\u672a\u88ab\u6355\u83b7\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f1a\u7ec8\u6b62\u5e76\u663e\u793a\u5f02\u5e38\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728Python 3\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 \u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u7ee7\u627f\u5185\u7f6e\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7ec4\u7ec7\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n \u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6b65\u9aa4\uff1a<\/p>\n \u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/p>\n \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4ee5\u4e0b\u573a\u666f\uff1a<\/p>\n \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u662fPython\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7a0b\u5e8f\u66f4\u52a0\u5065\u58ee\u548c\u53ef\u9760\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/p>\n EAFP\uff08Easier to Ask for Forgiveness than Permission\uff09\u662fPython\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff1a\u5148\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\u518d\u5904\u7406\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\u5728Python\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u5e38\u89c1\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n LBYL\uff08Look Before You Leap\uff09\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u662f\uff1a\u5728\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e4b\u524d\u5148\u68c0\u67e5\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6761\u4ef6\u6ee1\u8db3\u518d\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a<\/p>\n \u5728Python\u4e2d\uff0cEAFP\u6a21\u5f0f\u901a\u5e38\u6bd4LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f\u66f4\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u66f4\u7b80\u6d01\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u5e76\u53d1\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u7f16\u5199\u4ee3\u7801\u65f6\u5e94\u8be5\u8003\u8651\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u548c\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u662fPython\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u4e00\u8d77\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5065\u58ee\u6027\u548c\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n \u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u662f\u6307\u5c06\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u8f93\u51fa\u8bbe\u5907\u4e2d\u3002Python\u7684 \u5728\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u8bb0\u5f55\u5f02\u5e38\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e8e\u8c03\u8bd5\u548c\u95ee\u9898\u6392\u67e5\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/p>\n \u4f7f\u7528\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u7ea7\u522b<\/strong>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4e25\u91cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u7ea7\u522b<\/p>\n Python\u7684 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u662fPython\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4ee3\u7801\u80fd\u591f\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u6355\u83b7\u548c\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u5728Python\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u4f7f\u7528 \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u9075\u5faa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/p>\n \u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4f7f\u7528 \u88c5\u9970\u5668\u662fPython\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u6765\u7edf\u4e00\u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u662fPython\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u6765\u7ba1\u7406\u8d44\u6e90\u548c\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4f1a\u5bf9\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u4e0b\u65b9\u6cd5\u6765\u4f18\u5316\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff1a<\/p>\n \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\u662fPython\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u6743\u9650\u9519\u8bef\u7b49\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u7f51\u7edc\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u8fde\u63a5\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u8d85\u65f6\u9519\u8bef\u7b49\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u662fPython\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u8fde\u63a5\u9519\u8bef\u3001\u67e5\u8be2\u9519\u8bef\u7b49\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n API\u8c03\u7528\u662fPython\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u7f51\u7edc\u9519\u8bef\u3001API\u9519\u8bef\u7b49\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n \u8f93\u5165\u9a8c\u8bc1\u662fPython\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u65e0\u6548\u8f93\u5165\u3001\u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef\u7b49\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n\n
\n
1.3 \u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784<\/h4>\n
BaseException<\/code>\u7c7b\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\nBaseException\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 SystemExit\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 KeyboardInterrupt\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 GeneratorExit\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 Exception\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 StopIteration\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 StopAsyncIteration\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ArithmeticError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 FloatingPointError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 OverflowError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 ZeroDivisionError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 AssertionError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 AttributeError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 BufferError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 EOFError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ImportError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 ModuleNotFoundError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 LookupError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 IndexError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 KeyError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 MemoryError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 NameError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 UnboundLocalError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 OSError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 BlockingIOError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ChildProcessError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ConnectionError\n \u2502 \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 BrokenPipeError\n \u2502 \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ConnectionAbortedError\n \u2502 \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ConnectionRefusedError\n \u2502 \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 ConnectionResetError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 FileExistsError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 FileNotFoundError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 InterruptedError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 IsADirectoryError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 NotADirectoryError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 PermissionError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 ProcessLookupError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 TimeoutError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ReferenceError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 RuntimeError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 NotImplementedError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 RecursionError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 SyntaxError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 IndentationError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 TabError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 SystemError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 TypeError\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ValueError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 UnicodeError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 UnicodeDecodeError\n \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 UnicodeEncodeError\n \u2502 \u2514\u2500\u2500 UnicodeTranslateError\n \u2514\u2500\u2500 Warning\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 DeprecationWarning\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 PendingDeprecationWarning\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 RuntimeWarning\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 SyntaxWarning\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 UserWarning\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 FutureWarning\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 ImportWarning\n \u251c\u2500\u2500 UnicodeWarning\n \u2514\u2500\u2500 BytesWarning<\/code><\/pre>\n1.4 \u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u5f02\u5e38<\/h4>\n
\n
# \u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u793a\u4f8b\n\n# 1. \u89e6\u53d1\u5e38\u89c1\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\u89e6\u53d1\u5e38\u89c1\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\n# \u9664\u4ee5\u96f6 - ZeroDivisionError\ntry:\n result = 10 \/ 0\nexcept ZeroDivisionError as e:\n print(f"ZeroDivisionError: {e}")\n\n# \u8bbf\u95ee\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u6587\u4ef6 - FileNotFoundError\ntry:\n with open("non_existent_file.txt", "r") as f:\n content = f.read()\nexcept FileNotFoundError as e:\n print(f"FileNotFoundError: {e}")\n\n# \u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef - TypeError\ntry:\n result = "10" + 5\nexcept TypeError as e:\n print(f"TypeError: {e}")\n\n# \u503c\u9519\u8bef - ValueError\ntry:\n result = int("abc")\nexcept ValueError as e:\n print(f"ValueError: {e}")\n\n# \u7d22\u5f15\u8d8a\u754c - IndexError\ntry:\n lst = [1, 2, 3]\n print(lst[5])\nexcept IndexError as e:\n print(f"IndexError: {e}")\n\n# \u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728 - KeyError\ntry:\n dct = {"a": 1, "b": 2}\n print(dct["c"])\nexcept KeyError as e:\n print(f"KeyError: {e}")\n\n# \u540d\u79f0\u9519\u8bef - NameError\ntry:\n print(undefined_variable)\nexcept NameError as e:\n print(f"NameError: {e}")\n\n# \u5c5e\u6027\u9519\u8bef - AttributeError\ntry:\n lst = [1, 2, 3]\n lst.non_existent_method()\nexcept AttributeError as e:\n print(f"AttributeError: {e}")\n\n# 2. \u5f02\u5e38\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\n# \u67e5\u770b\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b\nprint(f"ZeroDivisionError\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b: {ZeroDivisionError.__bases__}")\nprint(f"ArithmeticError\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b: {ArithmeticError.__bases__}")\nprint(f"Exception\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b: {Exception.__bases__}")\nprint(f"BaseException\u7684\u57fa\u7c7b: {BaseException.__bases__}")\n\n# 3. \u6355\u83b7\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\/n\u6355\u83b7\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ntry:\n result = 10 \/ 0\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")\n\n# 4. \u6355\u83b7\u591a\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\ntry:\n lst = [1, 2, 3]\n print(lst[5])\nexcept (IndexError, ZeroDivisionError) as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")\n\n# 5. \u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4f20\u9012\ndef function1():\n print("function1 \u5f00\u59cb")\n function2()\n print("function1 \u7ed3\u675f")\n\ndef function2():\n print("function2 \u5f00\u59cb")\n 10 \/ 0\n print("function2 \u7ed3\u675f")\n\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\ntry:\n function1()\nexcept ZeroDivisionError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")<\/code><\/pre>\n2. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236<\/h3>\n
2.1 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5<\/h4>\n
try-except<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\ntry:\n # \u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\n pass\nexcept ExceptionType1:\n # \u5904\u7406ExceptionType1\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\n pass\nexcept ExceptionType2:\n # \u5904\u7406ExceptionType2\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\n pass\nelse:\n # \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\n pass\nfinally:\n # \u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\n pass<\/code><\/pre>\n2.2 try\u5b50\u53e5<\/h4>\n
try<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u5305\u542b\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u5f53try<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u6267\u884c\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\uff0cPython\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u505c\u6b62\u6267\u884ctry<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\u76f8\u5e94\u7684except<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n2.3 except\u5b50\u53e5<\/h4>\n
except<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u7528\u4e8e\u6355\u83b7\u548c\u5904\u7406\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u4e00\u4e2atry<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u591a\u4e2aexcept<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2aexcept<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u5904\u7406\u4e00\u79cd\u6216\u591a\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n2.4 else\u5b50\u53e5<\/h4>\n
else<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u5f53try<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u65f6\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002else<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u5fc5\u987b\u4f4d\u4e8e\u6240\u6709except<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e4b\u540e\u3002<\/p>\n2.5 finally\u5b50\u53e5<\/h4>\n
finally<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u90fd\u4f1a\u6267\u884c\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002finally<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u91ca\u653e\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6\u6216\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n2.6 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6267\u884c\u6d41\u7a0b<\/h4>\n
\n
try<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801<\/li>\n
a. \u505c\u6b62\u6267\u884ctry<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u5269\u4f59\u4ee3\u7801
b. \u67e5\u627e\u5339\u914d\u7684except<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5
c. \u5982\u679c\u627e\u5230\u5339\u914d\u7684except<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u6267\u884c\u8be5\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801
d. \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u627e\u5230\u5339\u914d\u7684except<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u4f1a\u5411\u4e0a\u4f20\u9012
e. \u6267\u884cfinally<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801<\/li>\n
a. \u6267\u884celse<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801
b. \u6267\u884cfinally<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n# \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u673a\u5236\u793a\u4f8b\n\n# 1. \u57fa\u672c\u7684try-except\u8bed\u53e5\nprint("\u57fa\u672c\u7684try-except\u8bed\u53e5\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ntry:\n num = int(input("\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570: "))\n result = 10 \/ num\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nexcept ValueError:\n print("\u8f93\u5165\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6574\u6570")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n print("\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u9664\u4ee5\u96f6")\n\n# 2. \u5e26\u6709else\u5b50\u53e5\u7684try-except\u8bed\u53e5\nprint("\/n\u5e26\u6709else\u5b50\u53e5\u7684try-except\u8bed\u53e5\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ntry:\n num = int(input("\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570: "))\n result = 10 \/ num\nexcept ValueError:\n print("\u8f93\u5165\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6574\u6570")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n print("\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u9664\u4ee5\u96f6")\nelse:\n print(f"\u8ba1\u7b97\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\n\n# 3. \u5e26\u6709finally\u5b50\u53e5\u7684try-except\u8bed\u53e5\nprint("\/n\u5e26\u6709finally\u5b50\u53e5\u7684try-except\u8bed\u53e5\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ntry:\n print("\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6253\u5f00\u6587\u4ef6")\n f = open("test.txt", "w")\n f.write("Hello, World!")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\nfinally:\n print("\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u90fd\u4f1a\u6267\u884cfinally\u5b50\u53e5")\n if 'f' in locals() and not f.closed:\n print("\u5173\u95ed\u6587\u4ef6")\n f.close()\n\n# 4. \u6355\u83b7\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\/n\u6355\u83b7\u6240\u6709\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ntry:\n num = int(input("\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570: "))\n result = 10 \/ num\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38: {type(e).__name__}: {e}")\n\n# 5. \u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4f20\u9012\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4f20\u9012\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n with open(filename, "r") as f:\n content = f.read()\n return content\n\ndef process_data(data):\n lines = data.split('\/n')\n return len(lines)\n\ndef main():\n try:\n data = read_file("non_existent_file.txt")\n count = process_data(data)\n print(f"\u6587\u4ef6\u884c\u6570: {count}")\n except FileNotFoundError as e:\n print(f"\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728: {e}")\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u53d1\u751f\u5176\u4ed6\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\nmain()\n\n# 6. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5d4c\u5957\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5d4c\u5957\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ntry:\n print("\u5916\u5c42try")\n try:\n print("\u5185\u5c42try")\n 10 \/ 0\n except ZeroDivisionError as e:\n print(f"\u5185\u5c42except: {e}")\n # \u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\n raise\n finally:\n print("\u5185\u5c42finally")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u5916\u5c42except: {e}")\nfinally:\n print("\u5916\u5c42finally")<\/code><\/pre>\n3. \u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5f15\u53d1\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad<\/h3>\n
raise<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u6765\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38\u540e\u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5f15\u53d1\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\u673a\u5236\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7f16\u5199\u5065\u58ee\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n3.1 raise\u8bed\u53e5<\/h4>\n
raise<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u7528\u4e8e\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u8bed\u6cd5\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\nraise ExceptionType("\u5f02\u5e38\u4fe1\u606f")<\/code><\/pre>\nraise<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f15\u53d1\u5185\u7f6e\u5f02\u5e38\u6216\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u5f53\u4f7f\u7528raise<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u65f6\uff0cPython\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u505c\u6b62\u6267\u884c\u5f53\u524d\u4ee3\u7801\uff0c\u5e76\u5f00\u59cb\u67e5\u627e\u5339\u914d\u7684except<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u3002<\/p>\n3.2 \u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38<\/h4>\n
except<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u5e26\u53c2\u6570\u7684raise<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u6765\u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u53d1\u5f53\u524d\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u8fd9\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u8bb0\u5f55\u5f02\u5e38\u4fe1\u606f\u540e\uff0c\u5c06\u5f02\u5e38\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u4e0a\u5c42\u8c03\u7528\u8005\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n3.3 \u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4f20\u64ad<\/h4>\n
3.4 \u5f02\u5e38\u94fe<\/h4>\n
raise NewException from OriginalException<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u6765\u521b\u5efa\u5f02\u5e38\u94fe\uff0c\u8fd9\u6837\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u59cb\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u8c03\u8bd5\u3002<\/p>\n# \u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5f15\u53d1\u4e0e\u4f20\u64ad\u793a\u4f8b\n\n# 1. \u4f7f\u7528raise\u8bed\u53e5\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\u4f7f\u7528raise\u8bed\u53e5\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef divide(a, b):\n if b == 0:\n raise ZeroDivisionError("\u9664\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u96f6")\n return a \/ b\n\ntry:\n result = divide(10, 0)\nexcept ZeroDivisionError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\n# 2. \u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\/n\u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef process_data(data):\n try:\n if not data:\n raise ValueError("\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a")\n return len(data)\n except ValueError as e:\n print(f"\u8bb0\u5f55\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n raise # \u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\n\ntry:\n result = process_data("")\nexcept ValueError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u91cd\u65b0\u5f15\u53d1\u7684\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\n# 3. \u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u4f20\u64ad\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef level1():\n print("level1 \u5f00\u59cb")\n level2()\n print("level1 \u7ed3\u675f")\n\ndef level2():\n print("level2 \u5f00\u59cb")\n level3()\n print("level2 \u7ed3\u675f")\n\ndef level3():\n print("level3 \u5f00\u59cb")\n raise ValueError("\u5728level3\u4e2d\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38")\n print("level3 \u7ed3\u675f")\n\ntry:\n level1()\nexcept ValueError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\n# 4. \u5f02\u5e38\u94fe\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u94fe\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef read_config():\n try:\n with open("config.json", "r") as f:\n # \u5047\u8bbe\u8fd9\u91cc\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u6790JSON\n raise ValueError("JSON\u683c\u5f0f\u9519\u8bef")\n except FileNotFoundError as e:\n raise RuntimeError("\u65e0\u6cd5\u8bfb\u53d6\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6") from e\n\ntry:\n read_config()\nexcept RuntimeError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n if e.__cause__:\n print(f"\u539f\u59cb\u5f02\u5e38: {e.__cause__}")\n\n# 5. \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\nprint("\/n\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass CustomError(Exception):\n """\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b"""\n def __init__(self, message, error_code):\n super().__init__(message)\n self.error_code = error_code\n \n def __str__(self):\n return f"{self.__class__.__name__}: {self.args[0]} (\u9519\u8bef\u7801: {self.error_code})"\n\ndef validate_input(value):\n if value < 0:\n raise CustomError("\u8f93\u5165\u503c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u8d1f\u6570", 400)\n return value\n\ntry:\n result = validate_input(-5)\nexcept CustomError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\u7801: {e.error_code}")<\/code><\/pre>\n4. \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38<\/h3>\n
4.1 \u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b<\/h4>\n
\n
Exception<\/code>\u7c7b\uff09<\/li>\n__init__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u53ef\u9009\uff09<\/li>\n__str__<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\uff08\u53ef\u9009\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n4.2 \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h4>\n
\n
4.3 \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/h4>\n
\n
# \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\n\n# 1. \u57fa\u672c\u7684\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\nprint("\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass ValidationError(Exception):\n """\u9a8c\u8bc1\u9519\u8bef\u5f02\u5e38"""\n pass\n\ndef validate_email(email):\n if '@' not in email:\n raise ValidationError(f"\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1\u5730\u5740: {email}")\n return email\n\ntry:\n result = validate_email("invalid-email")\nexcept ValidationError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u9a8c\u8bc1\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n\n# 2. \u5e26\u6709\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\nprint("\/n\u5e26\u6709\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u7c7b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass APIError(Exception):\n """API\u9519\u8bef\u5f02\u5e38"""\n def __init__(self, message, status_code, error_code):\n super().__init__(message)\n self.status_code = status_code\n self.error_code = error_code\n \n def __str__(self):\n return f"APIError: {self.args[0]} (\u72b6\u6001\u7801: {self.status_code}, \u9519\u8bef\u7801: {self.error_code})"\n\ndef call_api(endpoint):\n if endpoint == "\/error":\n raise APIError("API\u8c03\u7528\u5931\u8d25", 500, "INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR")\n return "API\u8c03\u7528\u6210\u529f"\n\ntry:\n result = call_api("\/error")\nexcept APIError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230API\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n print(f"\u72b6\u6001\u7801: {e.status_code}")\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\u7801: {e.error_code}")\n\n# 3. \u5f02\u5e38\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u5c42\u6b21\u7ed3\u6784\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass AppError(Exception):\n """\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u57fa\u7840\u5f02\u5e38"""\n pass\n\nclass DatabaseError(AppError):\n """\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u9519\u8bef"""\n pass\n\nclass NetworkError(AppError):\n """\u7f51\u7edc\u9519\u8bef"""\n pass\n\nclass ConnectionError(NetworkError):\n """\u8fde\u63a5\u9519\u8bef"""\n pass\n\nclass TimeoutError(NetworkError):\n """\u8d85\u65f6\u9519\u8bef"""\n pass\n\ndef connect_to_database():\n raise DatabaseError("\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8fde\u63a5\u5931\u8d25")\n\ndef connect_to_api():\n raise ConnectionError("API\u8fde\u63a5\u5931\u8d25")\n\ntry:\n connect_to_database()\nexcept AppError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n\ntry:\n connect_to_api()\nexcept NetworkError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u7f51\u7edc\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\nexcept AppError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n\n# 4. \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\nprint("\/n\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass ConfigurationError(AppError):\n """\u914d\u7f6e\u9519\u8bef"""\n def __init__(self, message, config_key=None):\n super().__init__(message)\n self.config_key = config_key\n\nclass InputError(AppError):\n """\u8f93\u5165\u9519\u8bef"""\n def __init__(self, message, input_value=None):\n super().__init__(message)\n self.input_value = input_value\n\ndef load_config(config):\n if "database" not in config:\n raise ConfigurationError("\u914d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u7f3a\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4fe1\u606f", "database")\n if "host" not in config["database"]:\n raise ConfigurationError("\u914d\u7f6e\u4e2d\u7f3a\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u4e3b\u673a\u4fe1\u606f", "database.host")\n return config\n\ndef process_input(value):\n if not isinstance(value, int):\n raise InputError("\u8f93\u5165\u503c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u6574\u6570", value)\n if value < 0:\n raise InputError("\u8f93\u5165\u503c\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u975e\u8d1f\u6570", value)\n return value\n\ntry:\n config = load_config({"api": {"key": "secret"}})\nexcept ConfigurationError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u914d\u7f6e\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n if e.config_key:\n print(f"\u914d\u7f6e\u952e: {e.config_key}")\n\ntry:\n result = process_input(-5)\nexcept InputError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u8f93\u5165\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n if e.input_value is not None:\n print(f"\u8f93\u5165\u503c: {e.input_value}")<\/code><\/pre>\n5. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h3>\n
5.1 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u539f\u5219<\/h4>\n
\n
finally<\/code>\u5b50\u53e5\u6216\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u6765\u786e\u4fdd\u8d44\u6e90\u7684\u91ca\u653e<\/li>\n5.2 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u9519\u8bef<\/h4>\n
\n
5.3 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h4>\n
5.3.1 EAFP\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h5>\n
try:\n value = dictionary[key]\nexcept KeyError:\n value = default_value<\/code><\/pre>\n5.3.2 LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f<\/h5>\n
if key in dictionary:\n value = dictionary[key]\nelse:\n value = default_value<\/code><\/pre>\n5.4 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u8003\u8651<\/h4>\n
\n
# \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u793a\u4f8b\n\n# 1. \u53ea\u6355\u83b7\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\u53ea\u6355\u83b7\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ntry:\n num = int(input("\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570: "))\n result = 10 \/ num\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nexcept ValueError:\n print("\u8f93\u5165\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u7684\u6574\u6570")\nexcept ZeroDivisionError:\n print("\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u4e0d\u80fd\u9664\u4ee5\u96f6")\n# \u4e0d\u8981\u8fd9\u6837\u505a\n# except Exception:\n# print("\u53d1\u751f\u9519\u8bef")\n\n# 2. \u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u4fe1\u606f\nprint("\/n\u63d0\u4f9b\u6709\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u4fe1\u606f\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef divide(a, b):\n if b == 0:\n raise ZeroDivisionError(f"\u9664\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u96f6 (a={a}, b={b})")\n return a \/ b\n\ntry:\n result = divide(10, 0)\nexcept ZeroDivisionError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\n# 3. \u4f7f\u7528finally\u5b50\u53e5\u91ca\u653e\u8d44\u6e90\nprint("\/n\u4f7f\u7528finally\u5b50\u53e5\u91ca\u653e\u8d44\u6e90\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef read_file(filename):\n f = None\n try:\n f = open(filename, "r")\n content = f.read()\n return content\n except FileNotFoundError:\n print(f"\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728: {filename}")\n return ""\n finally:\n if f is not None:\n f.close()\n print("\u6587\u4ef6\u5df2\u5173\u95ed")\n\ncontent = read_file("non_existent_file.txt")\nprint(f"\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9: {content}")\n\n# 4. \u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\nprint("\/n\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef read_file_safely(filename):\n try:\n with open(filename, "r") as f:\n content = f.read()\n return content\n except FileNotFoundError:\n print(f"\u6587\u4ef6\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728: {filename}")\n return ""\n\ncontent = read_file_safely("non_existent_file.txt")\nprint(f"\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9: {content}")\n\n# 5. EAFP vs LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f\nprint("\/nEAFP vs LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\n# EAFP\u6a21\u5f0f\ndictionary = {"a": 1, "b": 2}\nkey = "c"\n\ntry:\n value = dictionary[key]\n print(f"EAFP\u6a21\u5f0f: \u627e\u5230\u503c: {value}")\nexcept KeyError:\n value = "\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c"\n print(f"EAFP\u6a21\u5f0f: \u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c: {value}")\n\n# LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f\nif key in dictionary:\n value = dictionary[key]\n print(f"LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f: \u627e\u5230\u503c: {value}")\nelse:\n value = "\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c"\n print(f"LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f: \u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c: {value}")\n\n# 6. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u8003\u8651\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u8003\u8651\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nimport time\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u6027\u80fd\ndef test_normal_case():\n start = time.time()\n for i in range(1000000):\n # \u6b63\u5e38\u6d41\u7a0b\n pass\n end = time.time()\n print(f"\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u8017\u65f6: {end - start:.4f}\u79d2")\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u6027\u80fd\ndef test_exception_case():\n start = time.time()\n for i in range(1000000):\n try:\n # \u5c1d\u8bd5\u6267\u884c\u64cd\u4f5c\n pass\n except Exception:\n # \u6355\u83b7\u5f02\u5e38\n pass\n end = time.time()\n print(f"\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u8017\u65f6: {end - start:.4f}\u79d2")\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u6027\u80fd\ndef test_raise_exception():\n start = time.time()\n for i in range(1000):\n try:\n raise Exception("\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38")\n except Exception:\n pass\n end = time.time()\n print(f"\u5f15\u53d1\u5f02\u5e38\u8017\u65f6: {end - start:.4f}\u79d2")\n\ntest_normal_case()\ntest_exception_case()\ntest_raise_exception()\n\n# 7. \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\nprint("\/n\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass BusinessLogicError(Exception):\n """\u4e1a\u52a1\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef"""\n def __init__(self, message, error_code):\n super().__init__(message)\n self.error_code = error_code\n \n def to_dict(self):\n """\u5c06\u5f02\u5e38\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178"""\n return {\n "error": self.__class__.__name__,\n "message": self.args[0],\n "error_code": self.error_code\n }\n\ndef process_order(order):\n if not order.get("customer_id"):\n raise BusinessLogicError("\u8ba2\u5355\u7f3a\u5c11\u5ba2\u6237ID", "MISSING_CUSTOMER_ID")\n if order.get("amount") <= 0:\n raise BusinessLogicError("\u8ba2\u5355\u91d1\u989d\u5fc5\u987b\u5927\u4e8e\u96f6", "INVALID_AMOUNT")\n return "\u8ba2\u5355\u5904\u7406\u6210\u529f"\n\ntry:\n order = {"amount": -100}\n result = process_order(order)\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nexcept BusinessLogicError as e:\n error_info = e.to_dict()\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u4e1a\u52a1\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef: {error_info}")<\/code><\/pre>\n6. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55<\/h3>\n
6.1 \u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5<\/h4>\n
logging<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n6.2 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u7ed3\u5408<\/h4>\n
\n
logging.exception()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u8bb0\u5f55\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u5806\u6808\u8ddf\u8e2a<\/li>\n\n
DEBUG<\/code>\uff1a\u8be6\u7ec6\u7684\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\nINFO<\/code>\uff1a\u4e00\u822c\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\nWARNING<\/code>\uff1a\u8b66\u544a\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\nERROR<\/code>\uff1a\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\nCRITICAL<\/code>\uff1a\u4e25\u91cd\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n6.3 \u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u914d\u7f6e<\/h4>\n
logging<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7075\u6d3b\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u9009\u9879\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u9700\u8981\u914d\u7f6e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u9009\u9879\uff1a<\/p>\n\n
# \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u793a\u4f8b\n\nimport logging\n\n# \u914d\u7f6e\u65e5\u5fd7\nlogging.basicConfig(\n level=logging.DEBUG,\n format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s',\n filename='app.log',\n filemode='a'\n)\n\n# \u521b\u5efalogger\nlogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)\n\n# 1. \u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\nprint("\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef divide(a, b):\n try:\n return a \/ b\n except ZeroDivisionError as e:\n logger.error(f"\u9664\u4ee5\u96f6\u9519\u8bef: a={a}, b={b}", exc_info=True)\n raise\n\ntry:\n result = divide(10, 0)\nexcept ZeroDivisionError as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\n# 2. \u4f7f\u7528logging.exception()\nprint("\/n\u4f7f\u7528logging.exception()\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef read_config(filename):\n try:\n with open(filename, "r") as f:\n content = f.read()\n return content\n except Exception as e:\n logger.exception(f"\u8bfb\u53d6\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u5931\u8d25: {filename}")\n raise\n\ntry:\n content = read_config("non_existent_config.json")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\n# 3. \u4e0d\u540c\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\nprint("\/n\u4e0d\u540c\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef process_data(data):\n if not data:\n logger.warning("\u6570\u636e\u4e3a\u7a7a")\n return []\n try:\n processed_data = [int(item) for item in data.split(',')]\n logger.info(f"\u6210\u529f\u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e: {data}")\n return processed_data\n except ValueError as e:\n logger.error(f"\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\u5931\u8d25: {data}", exc_info=True)\n raise\n\ntry:\n result = process_data("")\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\ntry:\n result = process_data("1,2,3")\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\ntry:\n result = process_data("1,2,abc")\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\n# 4. \u65e5\u5fd7\u914d\u7f6e\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u65e5\u5fd7\u914d\u7f6e\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\n# \u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u914d\u7f6e\nimport logging.config\n\nlogging_config = {\n 'version': 1,\n 'disable_existing_loggers': False,\n 'formatters': {\n 'standard': {\n 'format': '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'\n },\n 'detailed': {\n 'format': '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(module)s:%(lineno)d - %(message)s'\n }\n },\n 'handlers': {\n 'console': {\n 'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',\n 'level': 'INFO',\n 'formatter': 'standard',\n 'stream': 'ext:\/\/sys.stdout'\n },\n 'file': {\n 'class': 'logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler',\n 'level': 'DEBUG',\n 'formatter': 'detailed',\n 'filename': 'app.log',\n 'maxBytes': 10485760, # 10MB\n 'backupCount': 5\n }\n },\n 'loggers': {\n '': {\n 'handlers': ['console', 'file'],\n 'level': 'DEBUG',\n 'propagate': True\n }\n }\n}\n\nlogging.config.dictConfig(logging_config)\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u914d\u7f6e\u540e\u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\nlogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)\nlogger.debug("\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u8c03\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f")\nlogger.info("\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u4e00\u822c\u4fe1\u606f")\nlogger.warning("\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u8b66\u544a\u4fe1\u606f")\nlogger.error("\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f")\nlogger.critical("\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u6761\u4e25\u91cd\u9519\u8bef\u4fe1\u606f")\n\n# 5. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef safe_operation(func):\n """\u5b89\u5168\u64cd\u4f5c\u88c5\u9970\u5668"""\n def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):\n try:\n return func(*args, **kwargs)\n except Exception as e:\n logger.exception(f"\u64cd\u4f5c\u5931\u8d25: {func.__name__}")\n raise\n return wrapper\n\n@safe_operation\ndef risky_operation():\n """ risky operation """\n 10 \/ 0\n\ntry:\n risky_operation()\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n\n# 6. \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\nprint("\/n\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u4e0e\u65e5\u5fd7\u8bb0\u5f55\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass AppException(Exception):\n """\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f02\u5e38"""\n def __init__(self, message, error_code, level=logging.ERROR):\n super().__init__(message)\n self.error_code = error_code\n self.level = level\n \n def log(self, logger):\n """\u8bb0\u5f55\u5f02\u5e38"""\n if self.level == logging.ERROR:\n logger.exception(f"{self.__class__.__name__}: {self.args[0]} (\u9519\u8bef\u7801: {self.error_code})")\n else:\n logger.log(self.level, f"{self.__class__.__name__}: {self.args[0]} (\u9519\u8bef\u7801: {self.error_code})")\n\nclass ValidationError(AppException):\n """\u9a8c\u8bc1\u9519\u8bef"""\n def __init__(self, message, field):\n super().__init__(message, "VALIDATION_ERROR", logging.WARNING)\n self.field = field\n \n def log(self, logger):\n logger.warning(f"ValidationError: {self.args[0]} (\u5b57\u6bb5: {self.field})")\n\ndef validate_user(user):\n if not user.get("name"):\n raise ValidationError("\u7528\u6237\u540d\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a", "name")\n if not user.get("email"):\n raise ValidationError("\u90ae\u7bb1\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a", "email")\n if "@" not in user.get("email", ""):\n raise ValidationError("\u90ae\u7bb1\u683c\u5f0f\u65e0\u6548", "email")\n return True\n\ntry:\n user = {"name": "John"}\n validate_user(user)\n print("\u7528\u6237\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6210\u529f")\nexcept AppException as e:\n e.log(logger)\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")<\/code><\/pre>\n7. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/h3>\n
7.1 \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h4>\n
unittest<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u6216pytest<\/code>\u6846\u67b6\u6765\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1a<\/p>\n\n
assertRaises<\/code><\/strong>\uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38<\/li>\nassertRaisesRegex<\/code><\/strong>\uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5f02\u5e38\u4fe1\u606f\u5339\u914d\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6b63\u5219\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f<\/li>\npytest.raises<\/code><\/strong>\uff1a\u5728pytest\u4e2d\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801\u662f\u5426\u4f1a\u5f15\u53d1\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n7.2 \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h4>\n
\n
7.3 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n
unittest<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u548cpytest<\/code>\u6846\u67b6\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n# \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e0e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u793a\u4f8b\n\n# 1. \u4f7f\u7528unittest\u6a21\u5757\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\u4f7f\u7528unittest\u6a21\u5757\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nimport unittest\n\nclass Calculator:\n def divide(self, a, b):\n if b == 0:\n raise ZeroDivisionError("\u9664\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u96f6")\n return a \/ b\n\nclass TestCalculator(unittest.TestCase):\n def setUp(self):\n self.calculator = Calculator()\n \n def test_divide_normal(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6b63\u5e38\u9664\u6cd5"""\n result = self.calculator.divide(10, 2)\n self.assertEqual(result, 5)\n \n def test_divide_zero(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9664\u4ee5\u96f6"""\n with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError) as cm:\n self.calculator.divide(10, 0)\n self.assertIn("\u9664\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u96f6", str(cm.exception))\n\n# \u8fd0\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n unittest.main(argv=['first-arg-is-ignored'], exit=False)\n\n# 2. \u4f7f\u7528pytest\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\/n\u4f7f\u7528pytest\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\n# \u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801\u9700\u8981\u5728pytest\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fd0\u884c\n'''\ndef test_divide_normal():\n calculator = Calculator()\n result = calculator.divide(10, 2)\n assert result == 5\n\ndef test_divide_zero():\n calculator = Calculator()\n with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError, match="\u9664\u6570\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u96f6"):\n calculator.divide(10, 0)\n'''\n\n# 3. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\/n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass ValidationError(Exception):\n """\u9a8c\u8bc1\u9519\u8bef"""\n pass\n\ndef validate_email(email):\n if '@' not in email:\n raise ValidationError(f"\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1\u5730\u5740: {email}")\n return email\n\nclass TestValidation(unittest.TestCase):\n def test_validate_email_valid(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6709\u6548\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1\u5730\u5740"""\n result = validate_email("test@example.com")\n self.assertEqual(result, "test@example.com")\n \n def test_validate_email_invalid(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1\u5730\u5740"""\n with self.assertRaises(ValidationError) as cm:\n validate_email("invalid-email")\n self.assertIn("\u65e0\u6548\u7684\u90ae\u7bb1\u5730\u5740", str(cm.exception))\n\n# \u8fd0\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n unittest.main(argv=['first-arg-is-ignored'], exit=False)\n\n# 4. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4ee3\u7801\nprint("\/n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4ee3\u7801\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef safe_divide(a, b):\n try:\n return a \/ b\n except ZeroDivisionError:\n return float('inf')\n except TypeError:\n return None\n\nclass TestSafeDivide(unittest.TestCase):\n def test_safe_divide_normal(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6b63\u5e38\u9664\u6cd5"""\n result = safe_divide(10, 2)\n self.assertEqual(result, 5)\n \n def test_safe_divide_zero(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9664\u4ee5\u96f6"""\n result = safe_divide(10, 0)\n self.assertEqual(result, float('inf'))\n \n def test_safe_divide_type_error(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef"""\n result = safe_divide(10, "2")\n self.assertIsNone(result)\n\n# \u8fd0\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n unittest.main(argv=['first-arg-is-ignored'], exit=False)\n\n# 5. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u60c5\u51b5\nprint("\/n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u60c5\u51b5\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef process_list(items):\n if not isinstance(items, list):\n raise TypeError("\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5217\u8868")\n if not items:\n raise ValueError("\u5217\u8868\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a")\n return sum(items)\n\nclass TestProcessList(unittest.TestCase):\n def test_process_list_normal(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6b63\u5e38\u60c5\u51b5"""\n result = process_list([1, 2, 3])\n self.assertEqual(result, 6)\n \n def test_process_list_not_list(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u53c2\u6570\u4e0d\u662f\u5217\u8868"""\n with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:\n process_list("not a list")\n self.assertIn("\u53c2\u6570\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5217\u8868", str(cm.exception))\n \n def test_process_list_empty(self):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7a7a\u5217\u8868"""\n with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:\n process_list([])\n self.assertIn("\u5217\u8868\u4e0d\u80fd\u4e3a\u7a7a", str(cm.exception))\n\n# \u8fd0\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n unittest.main(argv=['first-arg-is-ignored'], exit=False)\n\n# 6. \u4f7f\u7528mock\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\/n\u4f7f\u7528mock\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nfrom unittest.mock import Mock, patch\n\ndef get_data_from_api(url):\n import requests\n try:\n response = requests.get(url)\n response.raise_for_status()\n return response.json()\n except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:\n raise RuntimeError(f"API\u8c03\u7528\u5931\u8d25: {e}")\n\nclass TestGetDataFromApi(unittest.TestCase):\n @patch('requests.get')\n def test_get_data_success(self, mock_get):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5API\u8c03\u7528\u6210\u529f"""\n mock_response = Mock()\n mock_response.json.return_value = {"data": "test"}\n mock_response.raise_for_status.return_value = None\n mock_get.return_value = mock_response\n \n result = get_data_from_api("https:\/\/example.com\/api")\n self.assertEqual(result, {"data": "test"})\n \n @patch('requests.get')\n def test_get_data_failure(self, mock_get):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5API\u8c03\u7528\u5931\u8d25"""\n mock_response = Mock()\n mock_response.raise_for_status.side_effect = Exception("API\u9519\u8bef")\n mock_get.return_value = mock_response\n \n with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError) as cm:\n get_data_from_api("https:\/\/example.com\/api")\n self.assertIn("API\u8c03\u7528\u5931\u8d25", str(cm.exception))\n\n# \u8fd0\u884c\u6d4b\u8bd5\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n unittest.main(argv=['first-arg-is-ignored'], exit=False)<\/code><\/pre>\n7. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6280\u5de7<\/h3>\n
7.1 \u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38<\/h4>\n
7.2 \u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38<\/h4>\n
7.3 \u4f7f\u7528
contextlib.suppress<\/code><\/h4>\ncontextlib.suppress<\/code>\u662fPython 3.4+\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u5ffd\u7565\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/p>\n7.4 \u4f7f\u7528
traceback<\/code>\u6a21\u5757<\/h4>\ntraceback<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u548c\u683c\u5f0f\u5316\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5806\u6808\u8ddf\u8e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/p>\n7.5 \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/h4>\n
\n
# \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u6280\u5de7\u793a\u4f8b\n\n# 1. \u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\u4f7f\u7528\u88c5\u9970\u5668\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nimport functools\n\ndef handle_exceptions(default=None, log=True):\n """\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u88c5\u9970\u5668"""\n def decorator(func):\n @functools.wraps(func)\n def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):\n try:\n return func(*args, **kwargs)\n except Exception as e:\n if log:\n print(f"\u51fd\u6570 {func.__name__} \u53d1\u751f\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n return default\n return wrapper\n return decorator\n\n@handle_exceptions(default="\u9519\u8bef", log=True)\ndef risky_operation():\n """ risky operation """\n 10 \/ 0\n\nresult = risky_operation()\nprint(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\n\n@handle_exceptions(default=[], log=False)\ndef parse_json(json_str):\n """\u89e3\u6790JSON\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32"""\n import json\n return json.loads(json_str)\n\nresult = parse_json("invalid json")\nprint(f"\u89e3\u6790\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\n\n# 2. \u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\nprint("\/n\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass ExceptionHandler:\n """\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668"""\n def __init__(self, default=None, *exceptions):\n self.default = default\n self.exceptions = exceptions or (Exception,)\n \n def __enter__(self):\n return self\n \n def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):\n if exc_type is not None and issubclass(exc_type, self.exceptions):\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {exc_val}")\n return True # \u6291\u5236\u5f02\u5e38\n return False # \u4e0d\u6291\u5236\u5f02\u5e38\n\nwith ExceptionHandler(default="\u9519\u8bef", ZeroDivisionError, ValueError) as handler:\n result = 10 \/ 0\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\n\nprint("\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u6267\u884c\u5b8c\u6bd5")\n\n# 3. \u4f7f\u7528contextlib.suppress\nprint("\/n\u4f7f\u7528contextlib.suppress\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nfrom contextlib import suppress\n\n# \u5ffd\u7565\u7279\u5b9a\u5f02\u5e38\nwith suppress(ZeroDivisionError):\n result = 10 \/ 0\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nprint("\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210")\n\n# \u5ffd\u7565\u591a\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\nwith suppress(ZeroDivisionError, ValueError):\n result = int("abc")\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nprint("\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210")\n\n# 4. \u4f7f\u7528traceback\u6a21\u5757\nprint("\/n\u4f7f\u7528traceback\u6a21\u5757\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nimport traceback\n\ndef nested_function():\n """\u5d4c\u5957\u51fd\u6570"""\n 10 \/ 0\n\ndef outer_function():\n """\u5916\u90e8\u51fd\u6570"""\n nested_function()\n\ntry:\n outer_function()\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")\n print("\/n\u5806\u6808\u8ddf\u8e2a:")\n traceback.print_exc()\n \n # \u83b7\u53d6\u5806\u6808\u8ddf\u8e2a\u4fe1\u606f\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\n traceback_str = traceback.format_exc()\n print("\/n\u5806\u6808\u8ddf\u8e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32:")\n print(traceback_str)\n\n# 5. \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nimport time\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5EAFP\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\ndef eafp_approach(dictionary, key):\n """\u4f7f\u7528EAFP\u6a21\u5f0f"""\n try:\n return dictionary[key]\n except KeyError:\n return "\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c"\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u6027\u80fd\ndef lbyl_approach(dictionary, key):\n """\u4f7f\u7528LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f"""\n if key in dictionary:\n return dictionary[key]\n else:\n return "\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c"\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u6027\u80fd\ndictionary = {f"key{i}": i for i in range(1000)}\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u952e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\nprint("\u6d4b\u8bd5\u952e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a")\nstart = time.time()\nfor i in range(1000000):\n eafp_approach(dictionary, "key500")\nend = time.time()\nprint(f"EAFP\u6a21\u5f0f\u8017\u65f6: {end - start:.4f}\u79d2")\n\nstart = time.time()\nfor i in range(1000000):\n lbyl_approach(dictionary, "key500")\nend = time.time()\nprint(f"LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f\u8017\u65f6: {end - start:.4f}\u79d2")\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\nprint("\/n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u952e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a")\nstart = time.time()\nfor i in range(100000):\n eafp_approach(dictionary, "key1000")\nend = time.time()\nprint(f"EAFP\u6a21\u5f0f\u8017\u65f6: {end - start:.4f}\u79d2")\n\nstart = time.time()\nfor i in range(100000):\n lbyl_approach(dictionary, "key1000")\nend = time.time()\nprint(f"LBYL\u6a21\u5f0f\u8017\u65f6: {end - start:.4f}\u79d2")\n\n# 6. \u4f7f\u7528functools.wraps\u4fdd\u7559\u51fd\u6570\u5143\u6570\u636e\nprint("\/n\u4f7f\u7528functools.wraps\u4fdd\u7559\u51fd\u6570\u5143\u6570\u636e\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef error_handler(func):\n """\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u88c5\u9970\u5668"""\n @functools.wraps(func)\n def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):\n try:\n return func(*args, **kwargs)\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n raise\n return wrapper\n\n@error_handler\ndef calculate(a, b):\n """\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e24\u4e2a\u6570\u7684\u548c"""\n return a + b\n\nprint(f"\u51fd\u6570\u540d: {calculate.__name__}")\nprint(f"\u51fd\u6570\u6587\u6863: {calculate.__doc__}")\nprint(f"\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570: {calculate.__code__.co_varnames}")\n\ntry:\n result = calculate(10, "20")\n print(f"\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230\u5f02\u5e38: {e}")<\/code><\/pre>\n8. \u5e38\u89c1\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u573a\u666f<\/h3>\n
8.1 \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n
8.2 \u7f51\u7edc\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n
8.3 \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n
8.4 API\u8c03\u7528<\/h4>\n
8.5 \u8f93\u5165\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/h4>\n
# \u5e38\u89c1\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u573a\u666f\u793a\u4f8b\n\n# 1. \u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\nprint("\u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef read_file_safely(filename):\n """\u5b89\u5168\u5730\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6"""\n try:\n with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:\n content = f.read()\n return content\n except FileNotFoundError:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6 {filename} \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728")\n return ""\n except PermissionError:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6 {filename} \u7684\u6743\u9650")\n return ""\n except UnicodeDecodeError:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u6587\u4ef6 {filename} \u7f16\u7801\u9519\u8bef")\n return ""\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u8bfb\u53d6\u6587\u4ef6\u65f6\u53d1\u751f\u672a\u77e5\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n return ""\n\ncontent = read_file_safely("non_existent_file.txt")\nprint(f"\u6587\u4ef6\u5185\u5bb9\u957f\u5ea6: {len(content)}")\n\n# 2. \u7f51\u7edc\u64cd\u4f5c\nprint("\/n\u7f51\u7edc\u64cd\u4f5c\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef fetch_url(url, timeout=10):\n """\u83b7\u53d6URL\u5185\u5bb9"""\n import requests\n try:\n response = requests.get(url, timeout=timeout)\n response.raise_for_status() # \u5f15\u53d1HTTP\u9519\u8bef\n return response.text\n except requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u8fde\u63a5\u5230 {url}")\n return ""\n except requests.exceptions.Timeout:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u8bf7\u6c42 {url} \u8d85\u65f6")\n return ""\n except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\uff1aHTTP\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n return ""\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u53d1\u751f\u672a\u77e5\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n return ""\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u7f51\u7edc\u64cd\u4f5c\n# content = fetch_url("https:\/\/example.com")\n# print(f"URL\u5185\u5bb9\u957f\u5ea6: {len(content)}")\n\n# 3. \u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\nprint("\/n\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef query_database(query, params=None):\n """\u67e5\u8be2\u6570\u636e\u5e93"""\n import sqlite3\n try:\n conn = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")\n cursor = conn.cursor()\n cursor.execute(query, params or ())\n results = cursor.fetchall()\n conn.commit()\n return results\n except sqlite3.Error as e:\n print(f"\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n return []\n finally:\n if 'conn' in locals():\n conn.close()\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u64cd\u4f5c\nresults = query_database("CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)")\nprint(f"\u521b\u5efa\u8868\u7ed3\u679c: {results}")\n\nresults = query_database("INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)", ("John",))\nprint(f"\u63d2\u5165\u7ed3\u679c: {results}")\n\nresults = query_database("SELECT * FROM users")\nprint(f"\u67e5\u8be2\u7ed3\u679c: {results}")\n\n# 4. API\u8c03\u7528\nprint("\/nAPI\u8c03\u7528\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass APIError(Exception):\n """API\u9519\u8bef"""\n pass\n\ndef call_api(endpoint, method="GET", data=None):\n """\u8c03\u7528API"""\n import requests\n base_url = "https:\/\/api.example.com"\n url = f"{base_url}{endpoint}"\n \n try:\n if method == "GET":\n response = requests.get(url, params=data)\n elif method == "POST":\n response = requests.post(url, json=data)\n else:\n raise APIError(f"\u4e0d\u652f\u6301\u7684HTTP\u65b9\u6cd5: {method}")\n \n response.raise_for_status()\n return response.json()\n except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:\n raise APIError(f"\u7f51\u7edc\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n except ValueError:\n raise APIError("API\u8fd4\u56de\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684JSON")\n except Exception as e:\n raise APIError(f"\u672a\u77e5\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5API\u8c03\u7528\n# try:\n# result = call_api("\/users", method="GET", data={"page": 1})\n# print(f"API\u8c03\u7528\u7ed3\u679c: {result}")\n# except APIError as e:\n# print(f"\u6355\u83b7\u5230API\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n\n# 5. \u8f93\u5165\u9a8c\u8bc1\nprint("\/n\u8f93\u5165\u9a8c\u8bc1\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass ValidationError(Exception):\n """\u9a8c\u8bc1\u9519\u8bef"""\n pass\n\ndef validate_input(data):\n """\u9a8c\u8bc1\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e"""\n if not isinstance(data, dict):\n raise ValidationError("\u8f93\u5165\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u5b57\u5178")\n \n required_fields = ["name", "email", "age"]\n for field in required_fields:\n if field not in data:\n raise ValidationError(f"\u7f3a\u5c11\u5fc5\u586b\u5b57\u6bb5: {field}")\n \n if not isinstance(data["name"], str) or not data["name"]:\n raise ValidationError("\u59d3\u540d\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u975e\u7a7a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32")\n \n if not isinstance(data["email"], str) or "@" not in data["email"]:\n raise ValidationError("\u90ae\u7bb1\u683c\u5f0f\u65e0\u6548")\n \n if not isinstance(data["age"], int) or data["age"] < 0:\n raise ValidationError("\u5e74\u9f84\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u975e\u8d1f\u6574\u6570")\n \n return True\n\ntry:\n user_data = {\n "name": "John",\n "email": "john@example.com",\n "age": 30\n }\n validate_input(user_data)\n print("\u8f93\u5165\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6210\u529f")\nexcept ValidationError as e:\n print(f"\u9a8c\u8bc1\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n\ntry:\n user_data = {\n "name": "",\n "email": "invalid-email",\n "age": -5\n }\n validate_input(user_data)\n print("\u8f93\u5165\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6210\u529f")\nexcept ValidationError as e:\n print(f"\u9a8c\u8bc1\u9519\u8bef: {e}")<\/code><\/pre>\n