\u5728Python\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u901a\u4fe1\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u662f\u638c\u63e1Python\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\u662f\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u6570\u636e\u4ea4\u6362\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u6807\u51c6\u6216\u7ea6\u5b9a\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u5bf9\u7f51\u7edc\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u5206\u5c42\u63cf\u8ff0\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u6a21\u578b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\uff08Socket\uff09\u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u7aef\u70b9\uff0c\u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u53ef\u4ee5\u5206\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u7f51\u7edc\u5730\u5740\u7528\u4e8e\u6807\u8bc6\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u5730\u5740\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n
\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n
# \u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5\u793a\u4f8b\n\nimport socket\nimport sys\n\n# 1. \u67e5\u770bPython\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7c7b\u578b\nprint("Python\u652f\u6301\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7c7b\u578b\uff1a")\nprint(f"\u6d41\u5f0f\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\uff08TCP\uff09: {socket.SOCK_STREAM}")\nprint(f"\u6570\u636e\u62a5\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\uff08UDP\uff09: {socket.SOCK_DGRAM}")\nprint(f"\u539f\u59cb\u5957\u63a5\u5b57: {socket.SOCK_RAW}")\n\n# 2. \u67e5\u770b\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u548cIP\u5730\u5740\nprint("\/n\u672c\u5730\u4e3b\u673a\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a")\ntry:\n hostname = socket.gethostname()\n print(f"\u4e3b\u673a\u540d: {hostname}")\n \n # \u83b7\u53d6IPv4\u5730\u5740\n ipv4_addresses = socket.gethostbyname_ex(hostname)[2]\n print("IPv4\u5730\u5740:")\n for ip in ipv4_addresses:\n print(f" {ip}")\n \n # \u83b7\u53d6IPv6\u5730\u5740\uff08\u5982\u679c\u652f\u6301\uff09\n try:\n ipv6_addresses = socket.getaddrinfo(hostname, None, socket.AF_INET6)\n print("IPv6\u5730\u5740:")\n for info in ipv6_addresses:\n print(f" {info[4][0]}")\n except socket.gaierror:\n print("IPv6\u5730\u5740: \u4e0d\u652f\u6301")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u83b7\u53d6\u4e3b\u673a\u4fe1\u606f\u5931\u8d25: {e}")\n\n# 3. \u6d4b\u8bd5\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\nprint("\/n\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5\uff1a")\ndef test_connection(host, port):\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7f51\u7edc\u8fde\u63a5"""\n try:\n with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:\n s.settimeout(2)\n result = s.connect_ex((host, port))\n if result == 0:\n print(f"\u8fde\u63a5 {host}:{port} \u6210\u529f")\n else:\n print(f"\u8fde\u63a5 {host}:{port} \u5931\u8d25: {result}")\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fde\u63a5\u5931\u8d25: {e}")\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5e38\u89c1\u670d\u52a1\n test_connection("www.baidu.com", 80) # HTTP\ntest_connection("smtp.163.com", 25) # SMTP\ntest_connection("pop.163.com", 110) # POP3\n\n# 4. \u89e3\u6790URL\nprint("\/n\u89e3\u6790URL\uff1a")\ndef parse_url(url):\n """\u89e3\u6790URL"""\n from urllib.parse import urlparse\n parsed = urlparse(url)\n print(f"URL: {url}")\n print(f"\u534f\u8bae: {parsed.scheme}")\n print(f"\u4e3b\u673a: {parsed.netloc}")\n print(f"\u8def\u5f84: {parsed.path}")\n print(f"\u67e5\u8be2: {parsed.query}")\n\nparse_url("https:\/\/www.python.org\/downloads\/?ref=sidebar")\n\n# 5. \u67e5\u770b\u7aef\u53e3\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\nprint("\/n\u67e5\u770b\u7aef\u53e3\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff1a")\ntry:\n # \u5c1d\u8bd5\u7ed1\u5b9a\u7aef\u53e38080\n with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:\n try:\n s.bind(("localhost", 8080))\n print("\u7aef\u53e38080\u53ef\u7528")\n except OSError as e:\n print(f"\u7aef\u53e38080\u4e0d\u53ef\u7528: {e}")\nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u67e5\u770b\u7aef\u53e3\u5931\u8d25: {e}")<\/code><\/pre>\n2. \u5957\u63a5\u5b57API\u7684\u4f7f\u7528<\/h3>\n
Python\u7684socket<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5957\u63a5\u5b57API\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u73b0\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5957\u63a5\u5b57API\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u662f\u638c\u63e1Python\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/p>\n2.1 \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57<\/h4>\n
\u4f7f\u7528socket.socket()<\/code>\u51fd\u6570\u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\uff1a<\/p>\n# \u521b\u5efaIPv4\u3001TCP\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\ns = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n\n# \u521b\u5efaIPv6\u3001TCP\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\ns = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n\n# \u521b\u5efaIPv4\u3001UDP\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\ns = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)<\/code><\/pre>\n2.2 \u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n
\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5730\u5740<\/strong>\uff1a
bind(address)<\/code><\/li>\n- \u76d1\u542c\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong>\uff1a
listen(backlog)<\/code><\/li>\n- \u63a5\u53d7\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong>\uff1a
accept()<\/code><\/li>\n- \u53d1\u8d77\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong>\uff1a
connect(address)<\/code><\/li>\n- \u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e<\/strong>\uff1a
send(data)<\/code>\u3001sendall(data)<\/code><\/li>\n- \u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e<\/strong>\uff1a
recv(bufsize)<\/code><\/li>\n- \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong>\uff1a
close()<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n2.3 TCP\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/h4>\n
TCP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6d41\u7a0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57<\/li>\n
- \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5730\u5740<\/li>\n
- \u76d1\u542c\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n
- \u63a5\u53d7\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n
- \u6536\u53d1\u6570\u636e<\/li>\n
- \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
2.4 TCP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef<\/h4>\n
TCP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6d41\u7a0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57<\/li>\n
- \u8fde\u63a5\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/li>\n
- \u6536\u53d1\u6570\u636e<\/li>\n
- \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
2.5 UDP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u548c\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef<\/h4>\n
UDP\u662f\u65e0\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u534f\u8bae\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5UDP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u548c\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u7684\u6d41\u7a0b\u6bd4TCP\u7b80\u5355\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- UDP\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/strong>\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57 \u2192 \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5730\u5740 \u2192 \u6536\u53d1\u6570\u636e \u2192 \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n
- UDP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef<\/strong>\uff1a\u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57 \u2192 \u6536\u53d1\u6570\u636e \u2192 \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2.6 \u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879<\/h4>\n
\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\u7528\u4e8e\u914d\u7f6e\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- SO_REUSEADDR<\/strong>\uff1a\u5141\u8bb8\u91cd\u7528\u5730\u5740<\/li>\n
- SO_RCVBUF<\/strong>\uff1a\u63a5\u6536\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n
- SO_SNDBUF<\/strong>\uff1a\u53d1\u9001\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n
- SO_TIMEOUT<\/strong>\uff1a\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
2.7 \u5957\u63a5\u5b57API\u7684\u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5957\u63a5\u5b57API\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
# \u5957\u63a5\u5b57API\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u793a\u4f8b\n\nimport socket\nimport sys\n\n# 1. TCP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("TCP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef tcp_server(host='localhost', port=8888):\n """TCP\u670d\u52a1\u5668"""\n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n print("\u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\n server_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)\n print("\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5730\u5740\n server_socket.bind((host, port))\n print(f"\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5730\u5740 {host}:{port} \u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u76d1\u542c\u8fde\u63a5\n server_socket.listen(5)\n print(f"\u76d1\u542c\u7aef\u53e3 {port} \u6210\u529f")\n \n print("\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5...")\n \n # \u63a5\u53d7\u8fde\u63a5\n client_socket, client_address = server_socket.accept()\n print(f"\u63a5\u53d7\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5: {client_address}")\n \n # \u6536\u53d1\u6570\u636e\n while True:\n # \u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e\n data = client_socket.recv(1024)\n if not data:\n break\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6570\u636e: {data.decode('utf-8')}")\n \n # \u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\n response = f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6536\u5230: {data.decode('utf-8')}"\n client_socket.sendall(response.encode('utf-8'))\n print(f"\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5230\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef: {response}")\n \n # \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\n client_socket.close()\n server_socket.close()\n print("\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5173\u95ed")\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n if 'server_socket' in locals():\n server_socket.close()\n\n# 2. TCP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/nTCP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef tcp_client(host='localhost', port=8888):\n """TCP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef"""\n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n client_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n print("\u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u8fde\u63a5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n client_socket.connect((host, port))\n print(f"\u8fde\u63a5\u670d\u52a1\u5668 {host}:{port} \u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u6536\u53d1\u6570\u636e\n while True:\n # \u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\n message = input("\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u8981\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff08\u8f93\u5165exit\u9000\u51fa\uff09: ")\n if message == "exit":\n break\n \n # \u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\n client_socket.sendall(message.encode('utf-8'))\n print(f"\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668: {message}")\n \n # \u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e\n data = client_socket.recv(1024)\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6570\u636e: {data.decode('utf-8')}")\n \n # \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\n client_socket.close()\n print("\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u5173\u95ed")\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n if 'client_socket' in locals():\n client_socket.close()\n\n# 3. UDP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/nUDP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef udp_server(host='localhost', port=8888):\n """UDP\u670d\u52a1\u5668"""\n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)\n print("\u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u7ed1\u5b9a\u5730\u5740\n server_socket.bind((host, port))\n print(f"\u7ed1\u5b9a\u5730\u5740 {host}:{port} \u6210\u529f")\n \n print("UDP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u7b49\u5f85\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6570\u636e...")\n \n # \u6536\u53d1\u6570\u636e\n while True:\n # \u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e\n data, client_address = server_socket.recvfrom(1024)\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef {client_address} \u7684\u6570\u636e: {data.decode('utf-8')}")\n \n # \u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\n response = f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6536\u5230: {data.decode('utf-8')}"\n server_socket.sendto(response.encode('utf-8'), client_address)\n print(f"\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5230\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef {client_address}: {response}")\n \n # \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\n server_socket.close()\n print("\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5173\u95ed")\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n if 'server_socket' in locals():\n server_socket.close()\n\n# 4. UDP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/nUDP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef udp_client(host='localhost', port=8888):\n """UDP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef"""\n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n client_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)\n print("\u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u6536\u53d1\u6570\u636e\n while True:\n # \u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\n message = input("\u8bf7\u8f93\u5165\u8981\u53d1\u9001\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff08\u8f93\u5165exit\u9000\u51fa\uff09: ")\n if message == "exit":\n break\n \n # \u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\n client_socket.sendto(message.encode('utf-8'), (host, port))\n print(f"\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668 {host}:{port}: {message}")\n \n # \u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e\n data, server_address = client_socket.recvfrom(1024)\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u670d\u52a1\u5668 {server_address} \u7684\u6570\u636e: {data.decode('utf-8')}")\n \n # \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\n client_socket.close()\n print("\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u5173\u95ed")\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n if 'client_socket' in locals():\n client_socket.close()\n\n# 5. \u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ntry:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n print("\u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u83b7\u53d6\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\n reuse_addr = s.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR)\n print(f"SO_REUSEADDR: {reuse_addr}")\n \n rcvbuf = s.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_RCVBUF)\n print(f"SO_RCVBUF: {rcvbuf} \u5b57\u8282")\n \n sndbuf = s.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_SNDBUF)\n print(f"SO_SNDBUF: {sndbuf} \u5b57\u8282")\n \n # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\n s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)\n print("\u8bbe\u7f6eSO_REUSEADDR=1\u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u63a5\u6536\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\n s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_RCVBUF, 8192)\n print("\u8bbe\u7f6eSO_RCVBUF=8192\u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u518d\u6b21\u83b7\u53d6\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\n reuse_addr = s.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR)\n print(f"\u4fee\u6539\u540e SO_REUSEADDR: {reuse_addr}")\n \n rcvbuf = s.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_RCVBUF)\n print(f"\u4fee\u6539\u540e SO_RCVBUF: {rcvbuf} \u5b57\u8282")\n \n # \u5173\u95ed\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n s.close()\n print("\u5173\u95ed\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u6210\u529f")\n \nexcept Exception as e:\n print(f"\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u9009\u9879\u64cd\u4f5c\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n if 's' in locals():\n s.close()\n\nprint("\/n\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u548c\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u793a\u4f8b\u9700\u8981\u5206\u522b\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u5148\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff0c\u518d\u542f\u52a8\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef")<\/code><\/pre>\n3. \u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b<\/h3>\n
Python\u652f\u6301\u591a\u79cd\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u6bcf\u79cd\u6a21\u578b\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\u65b9\u5f0f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n
3.1 \u963b\u585e\u5f0fI\/O\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n
\u963b\u585e\u5f0fI\/O\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u963b\u585e<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u6267\u884cI\/O\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f1a\u963b\u585e\u76f4\u5230\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210<\/li>\n
- \u7b80\u5355<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u6613\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3<\/li>\n
- \u6548\u7387\u4f4e<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u65f6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3.2 \u975e\u963b\u585e\u5f0fI\/O\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n
\u975e\u963b\u585e\u5f0fI\/O\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u975e\u963b\u585e<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u6267\u884cI\/O\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4e0d\u4f1a\u963b\u585e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u7acb\u5373\u8fd4\u56de<\/li>\n
- \u8f6e\u8be2<\/strong>\uff1a\u9700\u8981\u4e0d\u65ad\u8f6e\u8be2\u68c0\u67e5I\/O\u64cd\u4f5c\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u6210<\/li>\n
- CPU\u5bc6\u96c6<\/strong>\uff1a\u8f6e\u8be2\u4f1a\u6d88\u8017\u5927\u91cfCPU\u8d44\u6e90<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3.3 \u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528I\/O\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n
\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528I\/O\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u4e8b\u4ef6\u9a71\u52a8<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528select\u3001poll\u3001epoll\u7b49\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528\u76d1\u63a7\u591a\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u63cf\u8ff0\u7b26<\/li>\n
- \u9ad8\u6548<\/strong>\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u521b\u5efa\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6216\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/li>\n
- \u590d\u6742<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u76f8\u5bf9\u590d\u6742<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3.4 \u4fe1\u53f7\u9a71\u52a8I\/O\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n
\u4fe1\u53f7\u9a71\u52a8I\/O\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u4fe1\u53f7\u901a\u77e5<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53I\/O\u64cd\u4f5c\u51c6\u5907\u5c31\u7eea\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u53d1\u9001\u4fe1\u53f7\u901a\u77e5\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/li>\n
- \u5f02\u6b65<\/strong>\uff1a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6267\u884c\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6536\u5230\u4fe1\u53f7<\/li>\n
- \u4e0d\u5e38\u7528<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728Python\u4e2d\u4e0d\u5e38\u7528<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3.5 \u5f02\u6b65I\/O\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n
\u5f02\u6b65I\/O\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u5b8c\u5168\u5f02\u6b65<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u6267\u884cI\/O\u64cd\u4f5c\u65f6\uff0c\u7a0b\u5e8f\u4f1a\u7acb\u5373\u8fd4\u56de\uff0c\u5f53\u64cd\u4f5c\u5b8c\u6210\u65f6\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u4f1a\u901a\u77e5\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/li>\n
- \u9ad8\u6548<\/strong>\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u65f6\u5904\u7406\u5927\u91cf\u8fde\u63a5<\/li>\n
- \u590d\u6742<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u76f8\u5bf9\u590d\u6742<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3.6 Python\u4e2d\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n
Python\u652f\u6301\u4ee5\u4e0b\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/li>\n
- \u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e3a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u521b\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/li>\n
- I\/O\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528select\u3001poll\u3001epoll\u7b49\u7cfb\u7edf\u8c03\u7528<\/li>\n
- \u5f02\u6b65I\/O\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528asyncio\u5e93<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
3.7 \u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662fPython\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
# \u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6a21\u578b\u793a\u4f8b\n\nimport socket\nimport threading\nimport multiprocessing\nimport select\nimport asyncio\n\n# 1. \u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef handle_client(client_socket, client_address):\n """\u5904\u7406\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5"""\n print(f"\u65b0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5904\u7406\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef: {client_address}")\n try:\n while True:\n # \u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e\n data = client_socket.recv(1024)\n if not data:\n break\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef {client_address} \u7684\u6570\u636e: {data.decode('utf-8')}")\n \n # \u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\n response = f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6536\u5230: {data.decode('utf-8')}"\n client_socket.sendall(response.encode('utf-8'))\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u5904\u7406\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n finally:\n client_socket.close()\n print(f"\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef {client_address} \u8fde\u63a5\u5173\u95ed")\n\ndef threaded_server(host='localhost', port=8888):\n """\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668"""\n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n server_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)\n server_socket.bind((host, port))\n server_socket.listen(5)\n print(f"\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u76d1\u542c {host}:{port}")\n \n while True:\n # \u63a5\u53d7\u8fde\u63a5\n client_socket, client_address = server_socket.accept()\n print(f"\u63a5\u53d7\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5: {client_address}")\n \n # \u521b\u5efa\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5904\u7406\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\n client_thread = threading.Thread(\n target=handle_client, \n args=(client_socket, client_address)\n )\n client_thread.daemon = True\n client_thread.start()\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n finally:\n server_socket.close()\n print("\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5173\u95ed")\n\n# 2. \u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef process_server(host='localhost', port=8889):\n """\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668"""\n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n server_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)\n server_socket.bind((host, port))\n server_socket.listen(5)\n print(f"\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u76d1\u542c {host}:{port}")\n \n while True:\n # \u63a5\u53d7\u8fde\u63a5\n client_socket, client_address = server_socket.accept()\n print(f"\u63a5\u53d7\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5: {client_address}")\n \n # \u521b\u5efa\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5904\u7406\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\n client_process = multiprocessing.Process(\n target=handle_client, \n args=(client_socket, client_address)\n )\n client_process.daemon = True\n client_process.start()\n \n # \u5173\u95ed\u7236\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n client_socket.close()\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n finally:\n server_socket.close()\n print("\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5173\u95ed")\n\n# 3. I\/O\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/nI\/O\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef multiplex_server(host='localhost', port=8890):\n """I\/O\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668"""\n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n server_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n server_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)\n server_socket.bind((host, port))\n server_socket.listen(5)\n server_socket.setblocking(False) # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u975e\u963b\u585e\n print(f"I\/O\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u76d1\u542c {host}:{port}")\n \n # \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u5217\u8868\n sockets = [server_socket]\n \n while True:\n # \u4f7f\u7528select\u76d1\u63a7\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n readable, writable, exceptional = select.select(sockets, [], sockets)\n \n # \u5904\u7406\u53ef\u8bfb\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n for sock in readable:\n if sock == server_socket:\n # \u63a5\u53d7\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\n client_socket, client_address = server_socket.accept()\n client_socket.setblocking(False) # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a\u975e\u963b\u585e\n sockets.append(client_socket)\n print(f"\u63a5\u53d7\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5: {client_address}")\n else:\n # \u63a5\u6536\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6570\u636e\n try:\n data = sock.recv(1024)\n if data:\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u6570\u636e: {data.decode('utf-8')}")\n # \u53d1\u9001\u54cd\u5e94\n response = f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6536\u5230: {data.decode('utf-8')}"\n sock.sendall(response.encode('utf-8'))\n else:\n # \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\n print(f"\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5")\n sockets.remove(sock)\n sock.close()\n except Exception as e:\n # \u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u9519\u8bef\n print(f"\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n sockets.remove(sock)\n sock.close()\n \n # \u5904\u7406\u5f02\u5e38\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n for sock in exceptional:\n print(f"\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u5f02\u5e38")\n sockets.remove(sock)\n sock.close()\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n finally:\n server_socket.close()\n print("\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5173\u95ed")\n\n# 4. \u5f02\u6b65I\/O\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u5f02\u6b65I\/O\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nasync def handle_async_client(reader, writer):\n """\u5904\u7406\u5f02\u6b65\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5"""\n client_address = writer.get_extra_info('peername')\n print(f"\u63a5\u53d7\u5f02\u6b65\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5: {client_address}")\n \n try:\n while True:\n # \u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e\n data = await reader.read(1024)\n if not data:\n break\n message = data.decode('utf-8')\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef {client_address} \u7684\u6570\u636e: {message}")\n \n # \u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e\n response = f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6536\u5230: {message}"\n writer.write(response.encode('utf-8'))\n await writer.drain()\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u5904\u7406\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n finally:\n print(f"\u5173\u95ed\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef\u8fde\u63a5: {client_address}")\n writer.close()\n await writer.wait_closed()\n\nasync def async_server(host='localhost', port=8891):\n """\u5f02\u6b65I\/O\u670d\u52a1\u5668"""\n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n server = await asyncio.start_server(\n handle_async_client, \n host, \n port\n )\n \n # \u83b7\u53d6\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5730\u5740\n addr = server.sockets[0].getsockname()\n print(f"\u5f02\u6b65I\/O\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u76d1\u542c {addr}")\n \n # \u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n async with server:\n await server.serve_forever()\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n\n# 5. \u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u542f\u52a8\u4e00\u4e2a\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff09\nprint("\/n\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\nprint("\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0b\u4ee3\u7801\u4ec5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u793a\u4f8b\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u9700\u8981\u5355\u72ec\u8fd0\u884c\u670d\u52a1\u5668")\n\n# \u542f\u52a8\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n# threading.Thread(target=threaded_server, daemon=True).start()\n\n# \u542f\u52a8\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n# multiprocessing.Process(target=process_server, daemon=True).start()\n\n# \u542f\u52a8I\/O\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n# threading.Thread(target=multiplex_server, daemon=True).start()\n\n# \u542f\u52a8\u5f02\u6b65I\/O\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n# asyncio.run(async_server())\n\nprint("\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u793a\u4f8b\u4ee3\u7801\u7ed3\u675f")<\/code><\/pre>\n4. \u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b<\/h3>\n
Python\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u5e93\u548c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7b80\u5316\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
4.1 \u9ad8\u7ea7\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u64cd\u4f5c<\/h4>\n4.1.1 \u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u8d85\u65f6<\/h5>\n
\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u8d85\u65f6\u7528\u4e8e\u8bbe\u7f6eI\/O\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65e0\u9650\u671f\u963b\u585e\uff1a<\/p>\n
# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u8d85\u65f6\ns.settimeout(5) # 5\u79d2\u8d85\u65f6\n\n# \u83b7\u53d6\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u8d85\u65f6\ntimeout = s.gettimeout()<\/code><\/pre>\n4.1.2 \u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u5730\u5740\u91cd\u7528<\/h5>\n
\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u5730\u5740\u91cd\u7528\u7528\u4e8e\u5141\u8bb8\u5728\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u5173\u95ed\u540e\u7acb\u5373\u91cd\u7528\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5730\u5740\u548c\u7aef\u53e3\uff1a<\/p>\n
# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u5730\u5740\u91cd\u7528\ns.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)<\/code><\/pre>\n4.1.3 \u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7f13\u51b2\u533a<\/h5>\n
\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u7528\u4e8e\u63a7\u5236\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6536\u53d1\u901f\u5ea6\uff1a<\/p>\n
# \u83b7\u53d6\u63a5\u6536\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\nrecv_buf = s.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_RCVBUF)\n\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u63a5\u6536\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\ns.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_RCVBUF, 8192)\n\n# \u83b7\u53d6\u53d1\u9001\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\nsend_buf = s.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_SNDBUF)\n\n# \u8bbe\u7f6e\u53d1\u9001\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f\ns.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_SNDBUF, 8192)<\/code><\/pre>\n4.2 \u7f51\u7edc\u5e93<\/h4>\n
Python\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8bb8\u591a\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u5e93\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7b80\u5316\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\uff1a<\/p>\n
4.2.1 socketserver\u6a21\u5757<\/h5>\n
socketserver<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6846\u67b6\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa\u7f51\u7edc\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff1a<\/p>\n\n- TCPServer<\/strong>\uff1aTCP\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/li>\n
- UDPServer<\/strong>\uff1aUDP\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/li>\n
- ThreadingTCPServer<\/strong>\uff1a\u591a\u7ebf\u7a0bTCP\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/li>\n
- ForkingTCPServer<\/strong>\uff1a\u591a\u8fdb\u7a0bTCP\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4.2.2 http\u6a21\u5757<\/h5>\n
http<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86HTTP\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u5b9e\u73b0\uff1a<\/p>\n\n- http.server<\/strong>\uff1aHTTP\u670d\u52a1\u5668<\/li>\n
- http.client<\/strong>\uff1aHTTP\u5ba2\u6237\u7aef<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4.2.3 urllib\u6a21\u5757<\/h5>\n
urllib<\/code>\u6a21\u5757\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86URL\u5904\u7406\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff1a<\/p>\n\n- urllib.request<\/strong>\uff1a\u6253\u5f00\u548c\u8bfb\u53d6URL<\/li>\n
- urllib.error<\/strong>\uff1a\u5904\u7406URLLib\u7684\u9519\u8bef<\/li>\n
- urllib.parse<\/strong>\uff1a\u89e3\u6790URL<\/li>\n
- urllib.robotparser<\/strong>\uff1a\u89e3\u6790robots.txt\u6587\u4ef6<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4.2.4 requests\u5e93<\/h5>\n
requests<\/code>\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u7b80\u5316HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\uff1a<\/p>\nimport requests\n\nresponse = requests.get('https:\/\/www.baidu.com')\nprint(response.status_code)\nprint(response.text)<\/code><\/pre>\n4.2.5 asyncio\u5e93<\/h5>\n
asyncio<\/code>\u5e93\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5f02\u6b65I\/O\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5e76\u53d1\u7f51\u7edc\u64cd\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\nimport asyncio\nimport aiohttp\n\nasync def fetch_url(url):\n async with aiohttp.ClientSession() as session:\n async with session.get(url) as response:\n return await response.text()\n\nasync def main():\n html = await fetch_url('https:\/\/www.baidu.com')\n print(html[:100])\n\nasyncio.run(main())<\/code><\/pre>\n4.3 \u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
# \u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u793a\u4f8b\n\nimport socket\nimport socketserver\nimport http.server\nimport urllib.request\nimport urllib.parse\nimport urllib.error\nimport threading\nimport time\n\n# 1. socketserver\u6a21\u5757\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("socketserver\u6a21\u5757\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass MyTCPHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):\n """TCP\u8bf7\u6c42\u5904\u7406\u5668"""\n def handle(self):\n # \u63a5\u6536\u6570\u636e\n self.data = self.request.recv(1024).strip()\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u6765\u81ea {self.client_address} \u7684\u6570\u636e: {self.data.decode('utf-8')}")\n \n # \u53d1\u9001\u54cd\u5e94\n response = f"\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6536\u5230: {self.data.decode('utf-8')}"\n self.request.sendall(response.encode('utf-8'))\n print(f"\u53d1\u9001\u54cd\u5e94\u5230 {self.client_address}: {response}")\n\ndef start_socketserver():\n """\u542f\u52a8socketserver"""\n HOST, PORT = "localhost", 9999\n \n # \u521b\u5efa\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n with socketserver.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler) as server:\n print(f"socketserver\u542f\u52a8\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u76d1\u542c {HOST}:{PORT}")\n # \u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n server.serve_forever()\n\n# \u542f\u52a8socketserver\uff08\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff09\n# threading.Thread(target=start_socketserver, daemon=True).start()\n# time.sleep(1) # \u7b49\u5f85\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5socketserver\ndef test_socketserver():\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5socketserver"""\n HOST, PORT = "localhost", 9999\n \n with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as sock:\n sock.connect((HOST, PORT))\n sock.sendall(b"Hello, socketserver!")\n response = sock.recv(1024)\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u54cd\u5e94: {response.decode('utf-8')}")\n\n# 2. http.server\u6a21\u5757\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/nhttp.server\u6a21\u5757\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef start_http_server():\n """\u542f\u52a8HTTP\u670d\u52a1\u5668"""\n HOST, PORT = "localhost", 8000\n \n # \u521b\u5efa\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n handler = http.server.SimpleHTTPRequestHandler\n with socketserver.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), handler) as httpd:\n print(f"HTTP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\u6210\u529f\uff0c\u76d1\u542c {HOST}:{PORT}")\n print(f"\u8bbf\u95ee\u5730\u5740: http:\/\/{HOST}:{PORT}")\n # \u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n httpd.serve_forever()\n\n# \u542f\u52a8HTTP\u670d\u52a1\u5668\uff08\u5728\u540e\u53f0\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff09\n# threading.Thread(target=start_http_server, daemon=True).start()\n# time.sleep(1) # \u7b49\u5f85\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u542f\u52a8\n\n# 3. urllib\u6a21\u5757\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/nurllib\u6a21\u5757\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef test_urllib():\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5urllib"""\n # \u53d1\u9001GET\u8bf7\u6c42\n url = "https:\/\/www.baidu.com"\n print(f"\u53d1\u9001GET\u8bf7\u6c42\u5230: {url}")\n \n try:\n with urllib.request.urlopen(url) as response:\n # \u83b7\u53d6\u54cd\u5e94\u72b6\u6001\u7801\n print(f"\u54cd\u5e94\u72b6\u6001\u7801: {response.getcode()}")\n \n # \u83b7\u53d6\u54cd\u5e94\u5934\n print("\u54cd\u5e94\u5934:")\n for key, value in response.getheaders():\n print(f" {key}: {value}")\n \n # \u83b7\u53d6\u54cd\u5e94\u5185\u5bb9\n content = response.read()\n print(f"\u54cd\u5e94\u5185\u5bb9\u957f\u5ea6: {len(content)} \u5b57\u8282")\n print(f"\u54cd\u5e94\u5185\u5bb9\u524d100\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26: {content.decode('utf-8')[:100]}...")\n \n except urllib.error.URLError as e:\n print(f"URL\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5urllib\n# test_urllib()\n\n# 4. \u89e3\u6790URL\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u89e3\u6790URL\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef parse_url_example():\n """\u89e3\u6790URL"""\n url = "https:\/\/www.python.org:8080\/downloads\/?ref=sidebar#latest"\n print(f"\u539f\u59cbURL: {url}")\n \n # \u89e3\u6790URL\n parsed = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)\n print("\u89e3\u6790\u7ed3\u679c:")\n print(f" \u534f\u8bae: {parsed.scheme}")\n print(f" \u7f51\u7edc\u4f4d\u7f6e: {parsed.netloc}")\n print(f" \u8def\u5f84: {parsed.path}")\n print(f" \u53c2\u6570: {parsed.params}")\n print(f" \u67e5\u8be2: {parsed.query}")\n print(f" \u7247\u6bb5: {parsed.fragment}")\n \n # \u5206\u89e3\u7f51\u7edc\u4f4d\u7f6e\n netloc = parsed.netloc\n if '@' in netloc:\n auth, netloc = netloc.split('@', 1)\n print(f" \u8ba4\u8bc1\u4fe1\u606f: {auth}")\n \n if ':' in netloc:\n host, port = netloc.split(':', 1)\n print(f" \u4e3b\u673a: {host}")\n print(f" \u7aef\u53e3: {port}")\n else:\n print(f" \u4e3b\u673a: {netloc}")\n print(f" \u7aef\u53e3: \u65e0")\n \n # \u6784\u5efaURL\n new_url = urllib.parse.urlunparse((\n 'https', 'www.example.com', '\/path', '', 'q=test', 'fragment'\n ))\n print(f"\/n\u6784\u5efa\u7684\u65b0URL: {new_url}")\n\n# \u89e3\u6790URL\nparse_url_example()\n\n# 5. \u53d1\u9001POST\u8bf7\u6c42\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u53d1\u9001POST\u8bf7\u6c42\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef send_post_request():\n """\u53d1\u9001POST\u8bf7\u6c42"""\n url = "http:\/\/httpbin.org\/post"\n data = {\n "name": "Python",\n "version": "3.10"\n }\n \n # \u7f16\u7801\u6570\u636e\n encoded_data = urllib.parse.urlencode(data).encode('utf-8')\n print(f"\u53d1\u9001POST\u8bf7\u6c42\u5230: {url}")\n print(f"\u53d1\u9001\u6570\u636e: {data}")\n \n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u8bf7\u6c42\n req = urllib.request.Request(url, data=encoded_data, method='POST')\n req.add_header('Content-Type', 'application\/x-www-form-urlencoded')\n \n with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as response:\n # \u83b7\u53d6\u54cd\u5e94\n content = response.read()\n print(f"\u54cd\u5e94\u72b6\u6001\u7801: {response.getcode()}")\n print(f"\u54cd\u5e94\u5185\u5bb9: {content.decode('utf-8')}")\n \n except urllib.error.URLError as e:\n print(f"URL\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n\n# \u53d1\u9001POST\u8bf7\u6c42\n# send_post_request()\n\nprint("\/n\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u793a\u4f8b\u7ed3\u675f")<\/code><\/pre>\n5. \u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h3>\n
\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u662fPython\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9075\u5faa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u3001\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u548c\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n
5.1 \u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406<\/h4>\n
\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u6355\u83b7\u548c\u5904\u7406\u5404\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u8fde\u63a5\u9519\u8bef<\/strong>\uff1a
ConnectionError<\/code>\u3001TimeoutError<\/code><\/li>\n- \u5730\u5740\u9519\u8bef<\/strong>\uff1a
socket.gaierror<\/code><\/li>\n- \u534f\u8bae\u9519\u8bef<\/strong>\uff1a
ProtocolError<\/code><\/li>\n- \u6570\u636e\u9519\u8bef<\/strong>\uff1a
ValueError<\/code>\u3001TypeError<\/code><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n5.2 \u8d85\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/h4>\n
\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5408\u7406\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u7a0b\u5e8f\u65e0\u9650\u671f\u963b\u585e\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u8fde\u63a5\u8d85\u65f6<\/strong>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8fde\u63a5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4<\/li>\n
- \u8bfb\u53d6\u8d85\u65f6<\/strong>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8bfb\u53d6\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4<\/li>\n
- \u5199\u5165\u8d85\u65f6<\/strong>\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5199\u5165\u6570\u636e\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u65f6\u95f4<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
5.3 \u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406<\/h4>\n
\u6b63\u786e\u7ba1\u7406\u7f51\u7edc\u8d44\u6e90\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u8d44\u6e90\u6cc4\u9732\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528
close()<\/code>\u65b9\u6cd5\u5173\u95ed\u5957\u63a5\u5b57<\/li>\n- \u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528
with<\/code>\u8bed\u53e5\u81ea\u52a8\u5173\u95ed\u5957\u63a5\u5b57<\/li>\n- \u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u5f02\u5e38\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u786e\u4fdd\u5173\u95ed\u8d44\u6e90<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
5.4 \u5e76\u53d1\u5904\u7406<\/h4>\n
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u573a\u666f\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u4f7f\u7528\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\u6a21\u578b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u5355\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/strong>\uff1a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5c11\u91cf\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u573a\u666f<\/li>\n
- \u591a\u7ebf\u7a0b<\/strong>\uff1a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u4e2d\u7b49\u6570\u91cf\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u573a\u666f<\/li>\n
- \u591a\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/strong>\uff1a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406CPU\u5bc6\u96c6\u578b\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u573a\u666f<\/li>\n
- I\/O\u591a\u8def\u590d\u7528<\/strong>\uff1a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5927\u91cf\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u573a\u666f<\/li>\n
- \u5f02\u6b65I\/O<\/strong>\uff1a\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u5927\u91cf\u5e76\u53d1\u8fde\u63a5\u7684\u573a\u666f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
5.5 \u5b89\u5168\u8003\u8651<\/h4>\n
\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b89\u5168\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u8f93\u5165\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/strong>\uff1a\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6240\u6709\u8f93\u5165\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u6ce8\u5165\u653b\u51fb<\/li>\n
- \u52a0\u5bc6\u901a\u4fe1<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528HTTPS\u3001SSL\/TLS\u7b49\u52a0\u5bc6\u534f\u8bae<\/li>\n
- \u8eab\u4efd\u9a8c\u8bc1<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8eab\u4efd\u9a8c\u8bc1\u673a\u5236<\/li>\n
- \u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u8bbf\u95ee\u63a7\u5236\u673a\u5236<\/li>\n
- \u9632\u6b62DDoS\u653b\u51fb<\/strong>\uff1a\u5b9e\u73b0\u901f\u7387\u9650\u5236\u7b49\u673a\u5236<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
5.6 \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316<\/h4>\n
\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\u5165\u624b\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u4f7f\u7528\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\u6a21\u578b<\/strong>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u573a\u666f\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5e76\u53d1\u6a21\u578b<\/li>\n
- \u4f18\u5316\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f<\/strong>\uff1a\u6839\u636e\u6570\u636e\u5927\u5c0f\u8c03\u6574\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u5927\u5c0f<\/li>\n
- \u51cf\u5c11\u7f51\u7edc\u5f80\u8fd4<\/strong>\uff1a\u6279\u91cf\u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u7f51\u7edc\u5f80\u8fd4\u6b21\u6570<\/li>\n
- \u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60<\/strong>\uff1a\u91cd\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u8fde\u63a5\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5f00\u9500<\/li>\n
- \u538b\u7f29\u6570\u636e<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u538b\u7f29\u7b97\u6cd5\u51cf\u5c11\u6570\u636e\u4f20\u8f93\u91cf<\/li>\n
- \u4f7f\u7528CDN<\/strong>\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9759\u6001\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528CDN\u52a0\u901f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
5.7 \u4ee3\u7801\u7ec4\u7ec7<\/h4>\n
\u826f\u597d\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u7ec4\u7ec7\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n
\n- \u6a21\u5757\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c06\u4ee3\u7801\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a\u6a21\u5757<\/li>\n
- \u5c01\u88c5<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c01\u88c5\u7f51\u7edc\u64cd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u51fd\u6570\u6216\u7c7b<\/li>\n
- \u6587\u6863<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ee3\u7801\u6dfb\u52a0\u9002\u5f53\u7684\u6587\u6863<\/li>\n
- \u6d4b\u8bd5<\/strong>\uff1a\u7f16\u5199\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4ee3\u7801\u786e\u4fdd\u529f\u80fd\u6b63\u786e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
5.8 \u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u793a\u4f8b<\/h4>\n
\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
# \u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u793a\u4f8b\n\nimport socket\nimport time\nimport ssl\nimport threading\nfrom concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor\n\n# 1. \u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\u9519\u8bef\u5904\u7406\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef safe_connect(host, port, timeout=5):\n """\u5b89\u5168\u8fde\u63a5\u793a\u4f8b"""\n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n \n # \u8bbe\u7f6e\u8d85\u65f6\n sock.settimeout(timeout)\n \n # \u8fde\u63a5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n sock.connect((host, port))\n print(f"\u8fde\u63a5 {host}:{port} \u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\n sock.close()\n return True\n \n except socket.timeout:\n print(f"\u8fde\u63a5 {host}:{port} \u8d85\u65f6")\n return False\n except socket.gaierror:\n print(f"\u89e3\u6790 {host} \u5931\u8d25")\n return False\n except ConnectionRefusedError:\n print(f"\u8fde\u63a5 {host}:{port} \u88ab\u62d2\u7edd")\n return False\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u8fde\u63a5 {host}:{port} \u5931\u8d25: {e}")\n return False\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fde\u63a5\nsafe_connect("www.baidu.com", 80)\nsafe_connect("www.nonexistentdomain12345.com", 80)\nsafe_connect("www.baidu.com", 8888) # \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7aef\u53e3\n\n# 2. \u8d85\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u8d85\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef test_timeout():\n """\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8d85\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e"""\n host, port = "www.baidu.com", 80\n \n # \u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8d85\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e\n timeouts = [1, 3, 5]\n for timeout in timeouts:\n start_time = time.time()\n result = safe_connect(host, port, timeout)\n end_time = time.time()\n print(f"\u8d85\u65f6\u8bbe\u7f6e {timeout} \u79d2\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u8017\u65f6 {end_time - start_time:.2f} \u79d2")\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u8d85\u65f6\ntest_timeout()\n\n# 3. \u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u8d44\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\nclass SocketContext:\n """\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668"""\n def __init__(self, family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM):\n self.family = family\n self.type = type\n self.sock = None\n \n def __enter__(self):\n """\u8fdb\u5165\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587"""\n self.sock = socket.socket(self.family, self.type)\n return self.sock\n \n def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):\n """\u9000\u51fa\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587"""\n if self.sock:\n self.sock.close()\n print("\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\u5df2\u5173\u95ed")\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\nprint("\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\uff1a")\nwith SocketContext() as sock:\n sock.settimeout(3)\n try:\n sock.connect(("www.baidu.com", 80))\n print("\u8fde\u63a5\u6210\u529f")\n # \u53d1\u9001HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\n sock.sendall(b"GET \/ HTTP\/1.1\/r\/nHost: www.baidu.com\/r\/nConnection: close\/r\/n\/r\/n")\n # \u63a5\u6536\u54cd\u5e94\n data = sock.recv(1024)\n print(f"\u6536\u5230\u54cd\u5e94\uff1a{data.decode('utf-8')[:100]}...")\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u9519\u8bef\uff1a{e}")\n\n# 4. \u5e76\u53d1\u5904\u7406\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u5e76\u53d1\u5904\u7406\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef check_website(url):\n """\u68c0\u67e5\u7f51\u7ad9\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee"""\n try:\n # \u89e3\u6790URL\n from urllib.parse import urlparse\n parsed = urlparse(url)\n host = parsed.netloc\n port = parsed.port or (443 if parsed.scheme == 'https' else 80)\n \n # \u8fde\u63a5\u7f51\u7ad9\n with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as sock:\n sock.settimeout(3)\n sock.connect((host, port))\n \n # \u5982\u679c\u662fHTTPS\uff0c\u8fdb\u884cSSL\u63e1\u624b\n if parsed.scheme == 'https':\n context = ssl.create_default_context()\n with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=host) as ssock:\n # \u53d1\u9001HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\n ssock.sendall(f"GET {parsed.path or '\/'} HTTP\/1.1\/r\/nHost: {host}\/r\/nConnection: close\/r\/n\/r\/n".encode('utf-8'))\n # \u63a5\u6536\u54cd\u5e94\n data = ssock.recv(1024)\n else:\n # \u53d1\u9001HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\n sock.sendall(f"GET {parsed.path or '\/'} HTTP\/1.1\/r\/nHost: {host}\/r\/nConnection: close\/r\/n\/r\/n".encode('utf-8'))\n # \u63a5\u6536\u54cd\u5e94\n data = sock.recv(1024)\n \n print(f"{url} - \u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee")\n return True\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"{url} - \u4e0d\u53ef\u8bbf\u95ee: {e}")\n return False\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u7f51\u7ad9\u5217\u8868\nwebsites = [\n "https:\/\/www.baidu.com",\n "https:\/\/www.google.com",\n "https:\/\/www.python.org",\n "https:\/\/www.github.com",\n "https:\/\/www.nonexistentdomain12345.com"\n]\n\n# \u4e32\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\nprint("\/n\u4e32\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u7f51\u7ad9\uff1a")\nstart_time = time.time()\nfor website in websites:\n check_website(website)\nend_time = time.time()\nprint(f"\u4e32\u884c\u68c0\u67e5\u8017\u65f6: {end_time - start_time:.2f} \u79d2")\n\n# \u5e76\u53d1\u68c0\u67e5\nprint("\/n\u5e76\u53d1\u68c0\u67e5\u7f51\u7ad9\uff1a")\nstart_time = time.time()\nwith ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:\n executor.map(check_website, websites)\nend_time = time.time()\nprint(f"\u5e76\u53d1\u68c0\u67e5\u8017\u65f6: {end_time - start_time:.2f} \u79d2")\n\n# 5. \u5b89\u5168\u901a\u4fe1\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u5b89\u5168\u901a\u4fe1\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\ndef secure_communication():\n """\u5b89\u5168\u901a\u4fe1\u793a\u4f8b"""\n host, port = "www.baidu.com", 443\n \n try:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n \n # \u521b\u5efaSSL\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\n context = ssl.create_default_context()\n \n # \u5305\u88c5\u5957\u63a5\u5b57\n with context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=host) as ssock:\n # \u8fde\u63a5\u670d\u52a1\u5668\n ssock.connect((host, port))\n print(f"SSL\u8fde\u63a5 {host}:{port} \u6210\u529f")\n \n # \u83b7\u53d6\u8bc1\u4e66\u4fe1\u606f\n cert = ssock.getpeercert()\n print("\/n\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8bc1\u4e66\u4fe1\u606f\uff1a")\n print(f"\u4e3b\u9898: {dict(x[0] for x in cert['subject'])}")\n print(f"\u9881\u53d1\u8005: {dict(x[0] for x in cert['issuer'])}")\n print(f"\u6709\u6548\u671f: \u4ece {cert['notBefore']} \u5230 {cert['notAfter']}")\n \n # \u53d1\u9001HTTP\u8bf7\u6c42\n request = "GET \/ HTTP\/1.1\/r\/n"\n request += f"Host: {host}\/r\/n"\n request += "Connection: close\/r\/n"\n request += "\/r\/n"\n ssock.sendall(request.encode('utf-8'))\n print("\/n\u53d1\u9001HTTPS\u8bf7\u6c42")\n \n # \u63a5\u6536\u54cd\u5e94\n response = b""\n while True:\n data = ssock.recv(1024)\n if not data:\n break\n response += data\n \n # \u89e3\u6790\u54cd\u5e94\n response_str = response.decode('utf-8')\n print(f"\/n\u6536\u5230\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u72b6\u6001\u7801: {response_str.split('\/r\/n')[0]}")\n print(f"\u54cd\u5e94\u5934\u6570\u91cf: {len([line for line in response_str.split('\/r\/n') if line]) - 1}")\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u5b89\u5168\u901a\u4fe1\u5931\u8d25: {e}")\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u5b89\u5168\u901a\u4fe1\nsecure_communication()\n\n# 6. \u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u793a\u4f8b\nprint("\/n\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a")\n\nclass ConnectionPool:\n """\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60"""\n def __init__(self, host, port, max_connections=5):\n self.host = host\n self.port = port\n self.max_connections = max_connections\n self.pool = []\n self.lock = threading.Lock()\n \n # \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\n for _ in range(max_connections):\n try:\n sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n sock.connect((host, port))\n self.pool.append(sock)\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u8fde\u63a5\u5931\u8d25: {e}")\n \n print(f"\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u521d\u59cb\u5316\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u6570: {len(self.pool)}")\n \n def get_connection(self):\n """\u83b7\u53d6\u8fde\u63a5"""\n with self.lock:\n if self.pool:\n return self.pool.pop()\n else:\n # \u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5\n try:\n sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)\n sock.connect((self.host, self.port))\n print("\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u8fde\u63a5")\n return sock\n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u521b\u5efa\u8fde\u63a5\u5931\u8d25: {e}")\n return None\n \n def return_connection(self, sock):\n """\u8fd4\u56de\u8fde\u63a5"""\n with self.lock:\n if len(self.pool) < self.max_connections:\n self.pool.append(sock)\n else:\n # \u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u5df2\u6ee1\uff0c\u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\n sock.close()\n \n def close_all(self):\n """\u5173\u95ed\u6240\u6709\u8fde\u63a5"""\n with self.lock:\n for sock in self.pool:\n try:\n sock.close()\n except Exception:\n pass\n self.pool = []\n print("\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\u5df2\u5173\u95ed")\n\n# \u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\ndef use_connection_pool():\n """\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60"""\n pool = ConnectionPool("www.baidu.com", 80, max_connections=3)\n \n # \u6a21\u62df\u591a\u4e2a\u7ebf\u7a0b\u4f7f\u7528\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\n def worker(task_id):\n """\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ebf\u7a0b"""\n sock = pool.get_connection()\n if sock:\n try:\n # \u53d1\u9001\u8bf7\u6c42\n request = f"GET \/ HTTP\/1.1\/r\/nHost: www.baidu.com\/r\/nConnection: keep-alive\/r\/n\/r\/n"\n sock.sendall(request.encode('utf-8'))\n \n # \u63a5\u6536\u54cd\u5e94\n data = sock.recv(1024)\n print(f"\u4efb\u52a1 {task_id} \u6536\u5230\u54cd\u5e94: {data.decode('utf-8')[:50]}...")\n \n # \u6a21\u62df\u5904\u7406\u65f6\u95f4\n time.sleep(1)\n \n except Exception as e:\n print(f"\u4efb\u52a1 {task_id} \u9519\u8bef: {e}")\n finally:\n # \u8fd4\u56de\u8fde\u63a5\n pool.return_connection(sock)\n \n # \u521b\u5efa\u591a\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u7ebf\u7a0b\n threads = []\n for i in range(10):\n t = threading.Thread(target=worker, args=(i,))\n threads.append(t)\n t.start()\n \n # \u7b49\u5f85\u6240\u6709\u7ebf\u7a0b\u5b8c\u6210\n for t in threads:\n t.join()\n \n # \u5173\u95ed\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\n pool.close_all()\n\n# \u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fde\u63a5\u6c60\n# use_connection_pool()\n\nprint("\/n\u7f51\u7edc\u7f16\u7a0b\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u793a\u4f8b\u7ed3\u675f")<\/code><\/pre>\n